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0nakayama 2023/02/18 09:14 　3974view

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Michelson-Morley Experiment

It (done in air) is nonsense. In air, light is propagated at c/n. So, the result of M-M experiment (done in air) is only natural.

In a book "Theory of Relativity" by Pauli, W 1958, it's written as follows (quoted from English version ; in 1-6). "Rather should one say that for an observer moving with medium, light is propagated as usual with velocity c/n in all directions".

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69中山 2023/08/22 11:30

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Decelerated Motion

Constant tension is acting on a rope extending from a passenger car to the left, and passenger car is decelerating. Even if the ground speed of passenger car becomes zero due to deceleration, tension of the rope is constant. So passenger car starts accelerating to the left. But, there will be no difference in situation in before and after of passenger car. And, there will be no point significant in the ground speed of passenger car.

68中山 2023/08/05 11:20

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (rewrittn)

In a figure, Mercury is drown as a circle. Plus, the figure shows the center of the circle and an arc extending upward and downward through the center (that is a part of orbit). Tne arc divides Mercury into left and right, and the area is left > right. This figure will show that actual magnitude of centrifugal force exceeds that calculated for Mercury as a point (see formula of centrifugal force). Perihelion shift of Mercury may be due to Mercury's size.

67中山 2023/07/28 08:01

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Newton’s Spherical Shell Theorem (supplement) 　

◎　But this thought experiment (see 15) doesn’t seem to explain perihelion shift of Mercury. Because, m/49^2 + m/51^2 = 2m/50^2. Surprising !
◎　Another thought experiment is on centrifugal force (see also 15).

66中山 2023/07/27 09:12

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Spherical Shell Theorem (correction)

In my previous post (15), Mercury is divided into two spheres. But this thought experiment doesn't seem to hold. Surprising ! It does not disprove Newton's spherical shell theorem. So, my hope is shifted in another thought experiment on centrifugal force.

65中山 2023/07/18 09:55

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Newton's Three Laws of Motion

Uniform linear motion (ether can be emerged in an optical way), uniform circular motion, inertial force, action and reaction are all existence graspable qualitatively and quantitatively. These are not fictitious.

64中山 2023/07/12 11:29

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Speed of Light

This is supplement to the former post 1 (Speed of Light). Half of measurement results of speed of light waves will exceed c.

63中山 2023/07/07 08:29

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Speed of Gravity Propagation

Speed of gravity propagation is said to be the same to speed of light. But is it true ? Something can't be found in thought experiments ? How about Sun and Mercury ? Solar system is said to move in the direction called sun facing point (on the celestial sphere). So position from which gravitational force of Sun acting Mercury will be the position some back in time. If so, this effect will slightly acuumlate (like free falling).

In Encyclopaedia Britannica 1969, there is a passage as follows (in item "Gravitation" ; original text). "If the action of gravitation were not absolutely instantaneous"(omission)"All experiments and observations were, however, consistent with the law, from the short distances employed in laboratory experiments to the long ranges used in interplanetary calculations". It says, action will be instantaneous.

62中山 2023/07/05 10:18

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Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

About centrifugal force, allow me to post onece more. A disk and the same ten spheres (evenly spaced around the disk) are rotating on a plane (no friction). Spheres and outer edge of the disk are connected with strings of the same length. Each string will show the same tension. Tension will be a sign that centrifugal force is not fictitious.
Note) Centrifugal force and centripetal force will work on the string (on every point) as Newton's third law of motion.

61中山 2023/07/04 14:27

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Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

Allow me to alter some of previous post. Previous setting was four spheres and two rods. Now,on two spheres and one rod (in X direction only), mass is two times (without deflection). Then,at close to the center, magnitude of centrifugal force and centripetal force will be about two times. Also, magnitude of centrifugal force and centripetal force will correspond to rotational speed.

60中山 2023/07/04 09:54

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Inertial Resistance/Inertial Force

A mass point is placed in aether frame, but when it is forced to move other than uniform linear motion (including zero speed) relative to aether frame, it shows resistance called inertial resistance. Inertial resistance is commonly said to be inertial force. Inertial force will correspond to motion of the mass in aether frame, qualitatively, quantitatively.

59中山 2023/07/03 11:44

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Additional to 58

Original text of the third low is said, it is not on two bodies, but on every point of action of force.

58中山 2023/07/03 11:24

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Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

The same four spheres, connected to the ends of two rods are rotating on a plane (no friction). Asuume the bar as a cross and the whole as a disk. At any point on the rod, magnitudes of the centrifugal force and centripetal force are equal, as shown by Newton's third law of motion. That is, centrifugal force (and centripetal also) is not fictitious to an observer in any frame.

57中山 2023/07/01 16:22

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Gravitational Acceleration

Well, "gravitational acceleration" is "magnitude of gravity on the surface of Earth ?" said an Alien

56中山 2023/06/28 10:38

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Inertial Force is not Fictitious

Gravity acts on a body as a vector. At a local area in free falling elevator, vector of gravity and vector of inertial force (vector of action, not of existence) will cancel each other. In that case, inertial force will not be fictitious.

55中山 2023/06/26 14:19

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"Gavitational Acceleration"

If magnitude of vector of gravity and another force (e.g. tension) is the same, body will show the same vector of acceleration. On idiom (compound word) "gravitational acceleration", sense of incongruity cannot be wiped out.

Idiom "gravitational acceleration" seems to be meaningful only in limited situationon. Free fall, gravity at the surface of Earth, etc. Is it an idiom of physics ?

If gravity and inertial force are different things, gravity and acceleration are also different things. Will there be qualification of idiom ?

54中山 2023/06/24 12:24

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Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (additional)

In light of the followings, inertial force and gravity will not be equivalent.
◎ Inertial force: It is emerged in an accelerated motion　(of a mass point) in space.
◎ Gravity: 　It does not emerge in an accelerated motion (of a mass point) in space.

53中山 2023/06/22 15:18

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Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (additional)

It is argued that inertial force and gravity are equivalent. However, in light of the followings, the two will not be equivalent. Even if vectors as action cancel each other out, vectors as existence do not disappear. Qualitatively, quantitatively. These are composition and decomposition of forces.
◎ Inertial force corresponds to accelerated motion of a mass point in homogeneous isotropic space.
◎ Gravity　corresponds to position of a mass potint in space modified by gravitational fields.

52中山 2023/06/18 12:58

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Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (rewritten)

◎ Inertia Force
1) Between inertial force and motion of a mass point in space, there will be direct connection.
2) Position in space has no meaning. Space is homogeneous isotropic.
3) Absolute space is required.
◎ Gravity
1) Between gravity and motion of a mass point in space, there will be no direct connection.
2) Position in space has meaning. As a gravitational field. Space is not homogeneous isotropic.
3) Absolute space is not required.

51中山 2023/06/14 08:56

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Local Inertial Frame (additional)

A homogeneous cuboid made of atomic silver (atomic weight 107.9) is in free calling. Magnitude of inertial force acting on every silver atom is the same. There can be no local inertial frame.

50中山 2023/06/08 15:00

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Local Inertial Frame (rewritten)

An elevator cabin is in free falling. Let's assume that every local frame of this cabin is the same (mass m). There can be no local inertial frame.

49中山 2023/06/05 15:34

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Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things

1) For inertial force, space is homogeneous isotropic. Gravity is not.
2) For inertial force, every position in space is the same. Gravity is not.

48中山 2023/05/30 14:22

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To 46, About latter part of your post, how about the scenario as follows ?

On the moon's surface, a passenger car is moving (in x direction). From a light source placed on the center of ceiling, light rays are emitted radially and symmetrically (in ten degrees increments). And on the floor, spots of light are reflected.

To an observer standing on the moon's surface, speed of light must not be constant.

47中山 2023/05/30 12:52

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To 46, > This is due to the relative motion between the cars and the source of light (Sunlight in this case).

Sorry, no ! This is due to not relative motion but absolute motion of the cars to aether. If position of light source is the same (on the celestial sphere), behovior of light in the cars must be the same.

Now, measuring tape is set on the floor of the cars. If the spot light in the car are 0.0a and -0.0b (distance from the center), this value will be the same to three observers (including the one standing on the moon's surface).

46名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/05/29 09:28

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If the two passenger cars on the Moon's surface are moving at different speeds in the x-direction, the position of the light spot on the floor, as observed from within each car or by an observer on the Moon's surface, will indeed be different. This is due to the relative motion between the cars and the source of light (Sunlight in this case).

When the cars are moving at different speeds, the time it takes for the light to travel from the pinhole to the floor will be different for each car. As a result, the light spot on the floor will appear to be displaced horizontally, relative to a stationary reference point, such as the position it would have if the cars were not in motion.

This phenomenon can be explained by the principles of classical physics and does not require invoking any variations in the speed of light itself. The speed of light in a vacuum, as described by the constant "c" in the equation c = fλ, remains constant regardless of the relative motion between the source of light and an observer.

It's worth noting that in the context of special relativity, there are relativistic effects such as time dilation and length contraction that can come into play when considering the motion of observers and the propagation of light. However, for the scenario you described, the observed difference in the position of the light spot can be explained by classical physics without the need for considering such relativistic effects.

45中山 2023/05/19 11:54

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Local Inertial Frame (again)

Every mass point is either in an inertial (unaccelerated) frame or accelerated frame. If a rigid homogeneous cuboid is in free-falling, every mass point is in accelerated frame. In this cuboid, there can be no inertial frame, even locally.

P.S. This difference is not fictitious but absolute.

44中山 2023/05/17 12:26

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Correction (on today’s post : on the third note)

A starlight > A light source

43中山 2023/05/17 08:29

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Two Formulas for Speed of Light (in vacuum)

First formula, v=fλ: It is speed of light relative to aether, and v is constant. Area is where light follows aether frame. That is, more than a few light seconds away from light source.
Second formula, c=fλ; It is speed of light relative to light source, and c is constant. Area is where light follows emission theory. That is, within a few light seconds from light source.

Note) First formula is the same as formula for the speed of sound in air (depending on f and λ).
Note) In outer space, a starlight is passing through a tube. In the center of the tube, a plate of glass is placed. In front of the glass, the starlight follows aether frame, and in back of it, starlight follows emission theory.
Note) A starlight is moving in aether. It is possible that v and c move at the same speed. Usually, v will be below c.
Note) For a moving observer, speed of light must be reconsidered (starting with the Doppler effect).

42中山 2023/05/13 17:13

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Speed of Light is Various other

Plane waves of Sunlight are arriving horizontally from above to two passenger cars on Moon's surface. There is a small pinhole at the center of ceiling of two passenger cars, and on the floor, there is a spot of light that passed through pinhole.

The two passenger cars are moving on the Moon's surface at different speeds (in x direction). For an observer inside the passenger car, position of light spot on the floor will be different. This difference in position will be the same for an observer stands on the Moon's surface.

41中山 2023/05/13 17:02

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About Propagation of Light

Compare propagation of light with propagation of sound waves. Neither time nor space will require any transformation in our understanding of propagation of sound waves (in air or other medium). In this respect, there will be no difference between propagation of light and propagation of sound waves (if we accept aether as medium for light propagation).

40中山 2023/05/06 12:49

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Gravity (gravitational field) and Time

There is optical path of triangle *ABC with top A of tall tower and mirror BC placed on the ground (as vertices). Laser light emitted from light source set at A (frequency is constant) is reflected by BC and returns to A. Frequencies of laser light at ABC will be the same. There will be no time dilation due to gravity.