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0nakayama 2023/02/18 09:14 　5828view

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Michelson-Morley Experiment

It (done in air) is nonsense. In air, light is propagated at c/n. So, the result of M-M experiment (done in air) is only natural.

In a book "Theory of Relativity" by Pauli, W 1958, it's written as follows (quoted from English version ; in 1-6). "Rather should one say that for an observer moving with medium, light is propagated as usual with velocity c/n in all directions".

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1nakayama 2023/02/18 09:20

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Speed of Light

The defined value of speed of light is based on measurements (with wavelength and frequency) done by Evenson et al. in 1973. Error is 1.1 m / s in pramai. Now measuring instrument is separated into a measuring part and a light source part. When one of them is moved at a constant speed higher than above error (in the direction of light path), different value will be obtained.

2nakayama 2023/02/18 09:22

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Propagation of Light

Light is propagated in two ways (as follows).
1. In outer space, a star light is reflected by a mirror. Speed of incident light is constant relative to aether.
2. In outer space, a star light is reflected by a mirror. Speed of reflected light is constant relative to the mirror (the emission theory).

In two pictures sbove each, speed of light to a moving observer follows Galilean transformation.

3nakayama 2023/02/18 09:29

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Equivalence principle

For gravity and inertial force in free-falling elevator, acceptable explanation will be Newton’s law of action and reaction. Equivalence principle should be forgotten.

4nakayama 2023/02/18 09:33

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Inertial Force is not Fictitious

The same five bodies (mass m) are lined up sideways on a horizontal plane. Five bodies are tied with four strings. Assume that horizontal plane is zero friction, and mass of strings is zero. On right most body, force of 5ma is acting to the right and five bodies start a uniform linear accelerating motion toward the right. Tension acting on four strings are, from right to left, 4ma, 3ma, 2ma, and 1ma.

Tension in the string above will be the same to an observer of any frame of motion. Inertial force (accelerated motion) is not fictitious.

5nakayama 2023/02/18 09:36

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Aberration

Aberration is caused by various motions of Earth relative to stationary aether (uniform isotropic). Light that enters upper air of Earth (from aether) is bent in the direction of motion of Earth. As a phenomenon, aberration is completed in the upper air. The same as refraction.

Therefore, illustration of raindrops and an umbrella is NG. Result of Airy’s experiment with a water-filled telescope is only natural. It is said that apparent displacement of stars is displaced in the direction of Earth’s motion, but in fact, it will be the opposite. You can check this by drawing light bending (in upper air) on a paper.

6nakayama 2023/02/18 09:40

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Lorentz Contraction

Plane waves of starlight (wavelength is constant) is arriving from upper left 45 degrees. Two spacecrafts are sailing in the right and left directions. Number of waves hitting the front and rear ends (A and B) of each spacecraft is the same. Therefore, number of waves existing between A and B is invariant (for both spacecrafts, regardless of lateral motion). Lorentz contractions will be impossible.

Relativity of simultaneity will be impossible also.

7nakayama 2023/02/18 09:51

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Aether

All kinds of aberration are caused by motion of Earth. Qualitatively, quantitatively. For example, cycle of annual aberration is 365 days. It is reflection of motion of Earth. On the other hand, any motion of star’s side has no influence. Only position on the celestial sphere is valid. These facts will be explainable only by aether.

For an observer stationary with respect to the aether frame, there will be no aberration.

8nakayama 2023/02/18 19:24

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Propagated of light (2)
　　　　　　　　　　　　
In outer space, a starlight is reflected by a mirror. There is a formula c = f λ. Now, the mirror is stationary. In comparing of incident light and reflected light, f is the same. And usually, c & λ are different. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Now, the mirror moves in the direction of the light path of incident light. In the formula on incident light, λ is constant. And c & f will be variables. And in the formula on reflected light, c is constant. And f & λ will be variables.

9名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/02/18 20:30

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何が目的なの？

10nakayama 2023/02/23 10:11

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relativity (3)

◎ Light Clock

A light clock is working in a moving passenger car. In books or in other illustrations, light travels back and forth vertically, but this light clock slightly leans to the right or left. So, the zigzag (sawtooth) of light path seen by an observer on the ground warps. Two kinds of dilations ? And how about if two light clocks with different lean work ?

◎ Time Dilation

In outer space, a spaceship is sailing horizontally. Plane wave of light (wavelength is constant) of the first-magnitude star Sirius is coming from directly above. Phenomenon of time dilation can not be valid.

◎ Relativity of Simultaneity

On the Moon's surface, a passenger car is moving to the right. From the center of the ceiling of the car, light rays are emitted to directly below and diagonally downward to left and right at 45 degrees. And three points of light are reflected on the floor. Three points are symmetrical to observer on the Moon's surface also. Relativity of simultaneity will be invalid.

◎ Perihelion Shift of Mercury

The perihelion shift moves in one direction and its speed seems to be almost constant. Like the hands of a clock. Main cause of the shift seems not to be gravity of other planets. Main cause will be two-body problem of Mercury and Sun. Not as points, but as spheres.

11nakayama 2023/02/23 11:08

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relativity (3)

◎ Light Clock

A light clock is working in a moving passenger car. In books or in other illustrations, light travels back and forth vertically, but this light clock slightly leans to the right or left. So, the zigzag (sawtooth) of light path seen by an observer on the ground warps. Two kinds of dilations ? And how about if two light clocks with different lean work ?

◎ Time Dilation

In outer space, a spaceship is sailing horizontally. Plane wave of light (wavelength is constant) of the first-magnitude star Sirius is coming from directly above. Phenomenon of time dilation can not be valid.

◎ Relativity of Simultaneity

On the Moon's surface, a passenger car is moving to the right. From the center of the ceiling of the car, light rays are emitted to directly below and diagonally downward to left and right at 45 degrees. And three points of light are reflected on the floor. Three points are symmetrical to observer on the Moon's surface also. Relativity of simultaneity will be invalid.

◎ Perihelion Shift of Mercury

The perihelion shift moves in one direction and its speed seems to be almost constant. Like the hands of a clock. Main cause of the shift seems not to be gravity of other planets. Main cause will be two-body problem of Mercury and Sun. Not as points, but as spheres.

12nakayama 2023/02/25 16:40

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relatiyity (4)

◎ Speed of Light
For speed of light, the constant speed, and the formula c = fλ seem to be all. But is it really that simple?

A beam of light is propagating through aether. An observer is in uniform linear motion at various angles relative to this beam. The speed of the observer relative to aether also varies. Observer's motion can be accelerated motion, jerk motion, or curvilinear motion. Also, speed of light wave and light ray (photon) will generally be different.

No, to light, special treatment must not be given. Then, all must be simple.

◎ Aether
In outer space, frequency and wavelength of two stars light are being measured. Two stars are in opposite directions (antipodal point) on the celestial sphere, and the measurements are done simultaneously. The sum of the two values will be 2c or a constant close to 2c.

The above will show the motion of the observer relative to aether.

◎ Accelerated Motion and Aether
Accelerated motion will be absolute motion against aether. Accelerated motion and inertial force are two sides of the same coin. Gravity is not involved and is irrelevant.

That is, we are surrounded by aether.

◎ Acceleration and Non-Acceleration
The passenger car is accelerating uniformly to the right. In this car, a ray of light (frequency is constant) is emitted from the rear to the front. The number of light waves existing inside the car will be higher than when the car is stationary. That is, there will be apparent difference between non-acceleration and acceleration.

Ray of light is emitted from the ceiling of the passenger car downward. If the passenger car is accelerating, the ray draw a parabola. That is, there will be apparent difference between non-acceleration and acceleration.

◎ Local Inertial Frame
An elevator-like but homogeneous rectangular body is in free falling. Suppose this body consists of many local area of mass m. So, inertial force acting on each local area is mg. That is, local inertial frame will be impossible.

Gravity and inertial force are cancelled out partially or sometimes totally. But, it is action that cancelled out, not existence.

13nakayama 2023/02/25 16:44

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relatiyity (4)

◎ Speed of Light
For speed of light, the constant speed, and the formula c = fλ seem to be all. But is it really that simple?

A beam of light is propagating through aether. An observer is in uniform linear motion at various angles relative to this beam. The speed of the observer relative to aether also varies. Observer's motion can be accelerated motion, jerk motion, or curvilinear motion. Also, speed of light wave and light ray (photon) will generally be different.

No, to light, special treatment must not be given. Then, all must be simple.

◎ Aether
In outer space, frequency and wavelength of two stars light are being measured. Two stars are in opposite directions (antipodal point) on the celestial sphere, and the measurements are done simultaneously. The sum of the two values will be 2c or a constant close to 2c.

The above will show the motion of the observer relative to aether.

◎ Accelerated Motion and Aether
Accelerated motion will be absolute motion against aether. Accelerated motion and inertial force are two sides of the same coin. Gravity is not involved and is irrelevant.

That is, we are surrounded by aether.

◎ Acceleration and Non-Acceleration
The passenger car is accelerating uniformly to the right. In this car, a ray of light (frequency is constant) is emitted from the rear to the front. The number of light waves existing inside the car will be higher than when the car is stationary. That is, there will be apparent difference between non-acceleration and acceleration.

Ray of light is emitted from the ceiling of the passenger car downward. If the passenger car is accelerating, the ray draw a parabola. That is, there will be apparent difference between non-acceleration and acceleration.

◎ Local Inertial Frame
An elevator-like but homogeneous rectangular body is in free falling. Suppose this body consists of many local area of mass m. So, inertial force acting on each local area is mg. That is, local inertial frame will be impossible.

Gravity and inertial force are cancelled out partially or sometimes totally. But, it is action that cancelled out, not existence.

14nakayama 2023/03/06 15:37

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relativity (5)

◎　Doppler Effect of Light

Frequency of incoming light varies with the motion of an observer. In the formula c = fλ, it is clear that the speed of light (for the observer) cannot be constant.

15中山 2023/03/28 14:02

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Selected post on Anti-Relativity (6)

◎　Spherical Shell Theorem

There are two figures A and B that draw Sun and Mercury. A shows Mercury on the line of action of gravity of Sun extending from the left. Distance between two stars is 50. In B, Mercury is divided into two hemispheres, left and right. The distance between center of sphere (of A) and the center of gravity of two hemispheres each is 1. In B, denominators of formula for magnitude of gravity are 49 and 51. And squared are 2401 and 2601.

Magnitude of gravity is 2500 in A and 2501 in B. Size of sphere seems to be related to magnitude of gravity. Spherical shell theorem will not be valid. Main reason for perihelion shift of Mercury will be its size.

Note) In this post, only gravity of Sun is under consideration.


◎　Perihelion Shift of Mercury

There is a figure of Mercury. Mercury is drawn as a circle. Plus, the center of it and an arc are drawn. This arc passes through the center and is extending symmetrically upward and downward. This arc is part of circle centered at the center of Sun that is located on the right of this figure. Therefore, the area of Mercury divided by the arc is left > right. Thus, actual magnitude of centrifugal force of Mercury due to its orbital motion will exceed the magnitude calculated as a point. Probably, this will be the main reason for perihelion shift of Mercury.

Note : For planets with satellites, perihelion shif seems to be larger. This will be due to centrifugal force.
Note : There must be more unknowns in perihelion shift.

16中山 2023/03/29 10:27

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Selected Post on Anti-Relativity (7)

◎　Perihelion Shift of Mercury (problem posing)

I said earlier that this story should start from aphelion, not perihelion. Yes, size of Mercury will increase centrifugal force and will rotate the orbit of Mercury in the direction of revolution. It will also increase size of orbit and increase momentum of Mercury.

Moon is said to be receding away from Earth. Although it is on order of a few centimeters per year. There are not a few sites on web. Many of them say that reason is slowing down of rotation of Earth. And total angular momentum of Earth and Moon must be conserved. But is relationship between Earth and Moon still the same today ? I guess what I said in the first half of this post applies to Moon as well.

Note: Said only qualitatively.

17名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/03/29 11:45

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The Michelson-Morley experiment was actually performed in a vacuum, not in air. The experiment was designed to detect the hypothetical "ether wind" that was thought to exist in the 19th century as the medium through which light waves propagated. The experiment aimed to measure the difference in the speed of light in different directions, as the Earth moves through the ether.

However, the results of the experiment showed that there was no measurable difference in the speed of light in different directions, which was contrary to what was expected if the ether theory was correct. This was a significant result, as it provided evidence against the existence of the ether and paved the way for the development of the theory of special relativity.

Regarding your statement that "in air, light is propagated at c/n", this is not entirely accurate. The speed of light in a medium, such as air or water, is indeed slower than its speed in a vacuum, but it is not simply equal to c/n. The speed of light in a medium depends on several factors, including the refractive index of the medium, which determines the degree to which light is bent as it passes through the medium.

Finally, the quote from Pauli's book is not in conflict with the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment. The quote is referring to an observer moving with the medium, which is different from the motion of the Earth through the ether that the experiment was designed to detect. In the context of the experiment, the motion of the observer is not relevant, as the aim was to measure the speed of light relative to the ether.

18中山 2023/04/14 16:52

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (long axis)

Long axis of Mercury’s orbit is slowly rotating. That is, Mercury will follow an orbit outside its previous orbit after passing either perihelion or aphelion (for some extent). This is not so for perihelion in many figures.

19中山 2023/04/14 16:56

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (Labyrinth)

This problem could be discribed as a problem in which Mercury’s elliptical orbit rotates slightly in the direction of Mercury’s orbital motion. Like hands of a clock. Reason for rotation may be due to the fact that Mercury is not a point but a sphere that has a size (mass distribution). But beyond that, it is a labyrinth for me.

Is the reason for rotation lies in perihelion or in aphelion ? Or is it in neither ? And, if the reason lies in aphelion, is it due to addition of centrifugal force ? Or is it due to weakening of gravitational pull of Sun ?

20中山 2023/04/14 16:59

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Equivalence principle (as an impression)

In laboratory experiment, inertial force is something that we can control. In a laboratory called thought experiment, we can control falling of an elevator cabin also. On the other hand, it seems that gravity is beyond our reach. In other words, inertial force and gravity will be different things.

Even outside laboratory (whether within our reach or not), inertial force and gravity may be different thing.

21中山 2023/04/14 17:02

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Equivalence Principle

Two bodies of the same mass m tied by a fairly long string are in free fall to Jupiter. Two bodeies are back and forth, and increasing tension of the string is informed to Earth. Inertial force and gravity are different things.

Comet Shoemaker-Levy, which fell to Jupiter in 1994. It was broken into at least 21 pieces in falling.

22中山 2023/04/15 09:03

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To 17,

There is a word "extinction" in a book Special Relativity by French, A.P. 1968. It's written as follows (original text ; quoted from "Google book" ; in 5-2). "Thus, for example, with visible light, a thickness of about 10-5cm of glass or 0.1mm of air at atmospheric pressure is almost enough to erase any possible memory, as it were, of the motion of the original source" (10-5cm is 0.0001mm). What ?? Light speed will be equalized in medium !

【Extinction : Michelson-Morley experiment (done in air) is nonsense 】 Above passage says that 0.1mm of air is enough to extinction.

23中山 2023/04/15 15:08

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To 17,

Constancy of speed of light (Reexamination)

Constancy of speed of light is not possible always. No, it will be
possible limitedly in the following two events only. Btw, speed of
light in mediums is not subject of this reexamination.

1) A measurement point and a light source are stationary in the same
inertial frame. Distance between the two is within a few light
seconds. Speed of light is c.
2) A measurement point is stationary in aether frame. Light
propagated in aether is coming to this point. Distance from the
light source is more than a few light sveconds. Speed of light will
not be c.

24中山 2023/04/15 17:13

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To 17,

Speed of Light

For speed of light, the constant speed, and the formula c = fλ seem to be all. But is it really so simple?

A beam of light is propagating through aether. An observer is in uniform linear motion at various angles relative to this beam. The speed of the observer relative to aether also varies. Observer’s motion can be accelerated motion, jerk motion, or curvilinear motion. Also, speed of light wave and light ray (photon) will generally be different.

No, to light, special treatment must not be given. Then, all must be simple.

25名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/04/16 02:54

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While the formula c = fλ provides a straightforward relationship between the speed of light, its frequency, and wavelength, the behavior of light can become more complex when it interacts with different materials and environments.

In particular, the concept of the aether as a medium through which light waves propagate has been largely discredited by experimental evidence, including the Michelson-Morley experiment. Instead, it is now widely accepted that light waves can travel through a vacuum without requiring a medium.

When an observer moves relative to a light source, they will measure a different speed of light than an observer who is stationary relative to the source. This is due to the relativistic effects of time dilation and length contraction, which are described by the theory of special relativity.

Moreover, the behavior of light can be affected by gravitational fields, leading to phenomena such as gravitational lensing. In addition, the wave-particle duality of light means that it can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior, depending on the context in which it is observed.

While the basic principles governing the behavior of light can be summarized by simple equations, the full range of phenomena exhibited by light can be quite complex and fascinating.

26中山 2023/04/16 08:59

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To 25,

Light is Propagated in Two Ways
　　　　　　　　　　　　
In outer space, a starlight is reflected by a mirror. There is a formula c = f λ. Now, the mirror is stationary. In comparing of incident light and reflected light, f is the same. And usually, c & λ are different. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Now, the mirror moves in the direction of the light path of incident light. In the formula on incident light, λ is constant. And c & f will be variables. And in the formula on reflected light, c is constant. And f & λ will be variables.

27中山 2023/04/16 12:01

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To 25,

Speed of Light

When an observer moves relative to aether, they will measure a different speed of light than an observer who is stationary relative to aether.

28中山 2023/04/16 12:09

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To 25,

Aberration shows aether

Aberration is caused by various motions of Earth relative to stationary aether (uniform isotropic). Light that enters upper air of Earth (from aether) is bent in the direction of motion of Earth. As a phenomenon, aberration is completed in the upper air. The same as refraction.

Therefore, illustration of raindrops and an umbrella is NG. Result of Airy’s experiment with a water-filled telescope is only natural. It is said that apparent displacement of stars is displaced in the direction of Earth’s motion, but in fact, it will be the opposite. You can check this by drawing light bending (in upper air) on a paper.

29中山 2023/04/16 12:09

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To 25,

Aberration shows aether

Aberration is caused by various motions of Earth relative to stationary aether (uniform isotropic). Light that enters upper air of Earth (from aether) is bent in the direction of motion of Earth. As a phenomenon, aberration is completed in the upper air. The same as refraction.

Therefore, illustration of raindrops and an umbrella is NG. Result of Airy’s experiment with a water-filled telescope is only natural. It is said that apparent displacement of stars is displaced in the direction of Earth’s motion, but in fact, it will be the opposite. You can check this by drawing light bending (in upper air) on a paper.

30中山 2023/04/16 12:15

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To 25,

Aether

In outer space, frequency and wavelength of two stars light are being measured. Two stars are in opposite directions (antipodal point) on the celestial sphere, and the measurements are done simultaneously. The sum of the two values will be 2c or a constant close to 2c.

The above will show the motion of the observer relative to aether.

31中山 2023/04/16 16:19

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To 25,

Constancy of Speed of Light

As to constancy of speed of light, case 1) in the post 23 is the only case we know. About case 2), we do not even admit existence of aether.

32中山 2023/04/23 11:00

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Color Difference in Visible Light

Difference in colors of visible light are said to be due to difference in wavelength. But frequency is also different. Why is it wavelength and not frequency ? I have no recollection seeing an explanation on it.

A light beam (monochromatic laser) is emitted from a light source into water and air. Frequency in both media is the same, but wavelength is different. What is color development of color film exposed in both media ?

33名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/04/23 18:44

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I'm sorry, but the concept of a stationary aether has been largely discredited by experimental evidence, including the Michelson-Morley experiment. The phenomenon of aberration can be explained without invoking the existence of an aether. It is a consequence of the finite speed of light and the relative motion between the observer and the light source. As the observer moves, the angle at which they observe the light changes due to the finite time it takes for the light to reach their eye.

Refraction of light in the upper atmosphere is a separate phenomenon that can also affect the apparent position of celestial objects, but it is not directly related to aberration. The displacement of stars due to aberration is indeed in the direction of the Earth's motion, not opposite to it.

While it is true that Airy's experiment demonstrated the effect of aberration using a water-filled telescope, this does not imply the existence of a stationary aether. The experiment was designed to measure the angle of starlight as it entered the telescope at different times of the year, providing evidence for the phenomenon of aberration.

In summary, aberration can be explained without invoking the concept of a stationary aether. It is a consequence of the finite speed of light and the relative motion between the observer and the light source.

34中山 2023/04/24 14:21

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To 33, Thank you for your reply about aether.

What causes aberration ? Core must be the position of light source on the celestial sphere. Fixed star's motion (also relative to Earth) is irrelevant. At all.

35中山 2023/04/25 13:08

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To33, Aberration on Mars

Annual aberration of Mars is mainly caused by Mars' orbital period : 1.881 years and average orbital speed : 24.07 km/sec. That is, by the motion of an observer repative to aether.

36中山 2023/04/29 13:03

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Aether

In outer space, three pinhole cameras are pointed in X, Y and Z directions (these are in uniform linear motion, the same as Sun). Cameras are pretty large. In the camera, on the inner wall, on the opposite side of the pinhole, disks rotate once and receiving position of star lights are recorded.

Recorded position of star lights on three disks will not be true circle. These may indicate motion of the pinhole cameras relative to aether.

37中山 2023/05/01 18:21

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Three Pinhole Cameras

Otherday's my post(7) was misunderstanding. Sorry. Following is compensation.

In outer space, three pinhole cameras are moving at different constant speed in X direction. Size of celestial sphere reflected on the receiving surface in the cameras will be slightly different. This will be due to the different speed of the cameras relative to aether.

38中山 2023/05/04 09:04

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Apology and Cancellation

My recent posts 36 and 37 seem to be invalid. Sorry.

39中山 2023/05/05 08:59

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Pinhole Camera

In outer space, a starlight is coming from the right. This ray enters the pinhole of a pinhole camera and is reflected upward by a mirror set at 45 degrees upwards in the camera.

When the camera moves to the right or left (at a uniform speed), the position where reflected light hits the upper inner wall of the camera will move. Incident light is propagated in aether, and reflected light follows emission theory.

Note: c of lincident light and rleflected light relative to the mirror are generally different. So, angle of the two are also. λ are also).

40中山 2023/05/06 12:49

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Gravity (gravitational field) and Time

There is optical path of triangle *ABC with top A of tall tower and mirror BC placed on the ground (as vertices). Laser light emitted from light source set at A (frequency is constant) is reflected by BC and returns to A. Frequencies of laser light at ABC will be the same. There will be no time dilation due to gravity.

41中山 2023/05/13 17:02

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About Propagation of Light

Compare propagation of light with propagation of sound waves. Neither time nor space will require any transformation in our understanding of propagation of sound waves (in air or other medium). In this respect, there will be no difference between propagation of light and propagation of sound waves (if we accept aether as medium for light propagation).

42中山 2023/05/13 17:13

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Speed of Light is Various other

Plane waves of Sunlight are arriving horizontally from above to two passenger cars on Moon's surface. There is a small pinhole at the center of ceiling of two passenger cars, and on the floor, there is a spot of light that passed through pinhole.

The two passenger cars are moving on the Moon's surface at different speeds (in x direction). For an observer inside the passenger car, position of light spot on the floor will be different. This difference in position will be the same for an observer stands on the Moon's surface.

43中山 2023/05/17 08:29

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Two Formulas for Speed of Light (in vacuum)

First formula, v=fλ: It is speed of light relative to aether, and v is constant. Area is where light follows aether frame. That is, more than a few light seconds away from light source.
Second formula, c=fλ; It is speed of light relative to light source, and c is constant. Area is where light follows emission theory. That is, within a few light seconds from light source.

Note) First formula is the same as formula for the speed of sound in air (depending on f and λ).
Note) In outer space, a starlight is passing through a tube. In the center of the tube, a plate of glass is placed. In front of the glass, the starlight follows aether frame, and in back of it, starlight follows emission theory.
Note) A starlight is moving in aether. It is possible that v and c move at the same speed. Usually, v will be below c.
Note) For a moving observer, speed of light must be reconsidered (starting with the Doppler effect).

44中山 2023/05/17 12:26

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Correction (on today’s post : on the third note)

A starlight > A light source

45中山 2023/05/19 11:54

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Local Inertial Frame (again)

Every mass point is either in an inertial (unaccelerated) frame or accelerated frame. If a rigid homogeneous cuboid is in free-falling, every mass point is in accelerated frame. In this cuboid, there can be no inertial frame, even locally.

P.S. This difference is not fictitious but absolute.

46名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/05/29 09:28

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If the two passenger cars on the Moon's surface are moving at different speeds in the x-direction, the position of the light spot on the floor, as observed from within each car or by an observer on the Moon's surface, will indeed be different. This is due to the relative motion between the cars and the source of light (Sunlight in this case).

When the cars are moving at different speeds, the time it takes for the light to travel from the pinhole to the floor will be different for each car. As a result, the light spot on the floor will appear to be displaced horizontally, relative to a stationary reference point, such as the position it would have if the cars were not in motion.

This phenomenon can be explained by the principles of classical physics and does not require invoking any variations in the speed of light itself. The speed of light in a vacuum, as described by the constant "c" in the equation c = fλ, remains constant regardless of the relative motion between the source of light and an observer.

It's worth noting that in the context of special relativity, there are relativistic effects such as time dilation and length contraction that can come into play when considering the motion of observers and the propagation of light. However, for the scenario you described, the observed difference in the position of the light spot can be explained by classical physics without the need for considering such relativistic effects.

47中山 2023/05/30 12:52

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To 46, > This is due to the relative motion between the cars and the source of light (Sunlight in this case).

Sorry, no ! This is due to not relative motion but absolute motion of the cars to aether. If position of light source is the same (on the celestial sphere), behovior of light in the cars must be the same.

Now, measuring tape is set on the floor of the cars. If the spot light in the car are 0.0a and -0.0b (distance from the center), this value will be the same to three observers (including the one standing on the moon's surface).

48中山 2023/05/30 14:22

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To 46, About latter part of your post, how about the scenario as follows ?

On the moon's surface, a passenger car is moving (in x direction). From a light source placed on the center of ceiling, light rays are emitted radially and symmetrically (in ten degrees increments). And on the floor, spots of light are reflected.

To an observer standing on the moon's surface, speed of light must not be constant.

49中山 2023/06/05 15:34

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Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things

1) For inertial force, space is homogeneous isotropic. Gravity is not.
2) For inertial force, every position in space is the same. Gravity is not.

50中山 2023/06/08 15:00

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Local Inertial Frame (rewritten)

An elevator cabin is in free falling. Let's assume that every local frame of this cabin is the same (mass m). There can be no local inertial frame.

51中山 2023/06/14 08:56

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Local Inertial Frame (additional)

A homogeneous cuboid made of atomic silver (atomic weight 107.9) is in free calling. Magnitude of inertial force acting on every silver atom is the same. There can be no local inertial frame.

52中山 2023/06/18 12:58

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Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (rewritten)

◎ Inertia Force
1) Between inertial force and motion of a mass point in space, there will be direct connection.
2) Position in space has no meaning. Space is homogeneous isotropic.
3) Absolute space is required.
◎ Gravity
1) Between gravity and motion of a mass point in space, there will be no direct connection.
2) Position in space has meaning. As a gravitational field. Space is not homogeneous isotropic.
3) Absolute space is not required.

53中山 2023/06/22 15:18

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Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (additional)

It is argued that inertial force and gravity are equivalent. However, in light of the followings, the two will not be equivalent. Even if vectors as action cancel each other out, vectors as existence do not disappear. Qualitatively, quantitatively. These are composition and decomposition of forces.
◎ Inertial force corresponds to accelerated motion of a mass point in homogeneous isotropic space.
◎ Gravity　corresponds to position of a mass potint in space modified by gravitational fields.

54中山 2023/06/24 12:24

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Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (additional)

In light of the followings, inertial force and gravity will not be equivalent.
◎ Inertial force: It is emerged in an accelerated motion　(of a mass point) in space.
◎ Gravity: 　It does not emerge in an accelerated motion (of a mass point) in space.

55中山 2023/06/26 14:19

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"Gavitational Acceleration"

If magnitude of vector of gravity and another force (e.g. tension) is the same, body will show the same vector of acceleration. On idiom (compound word) "gravitational acceleration", sense of incongruity cannot be wiped out.

Idiom "gravitational acceleration" seems to be meaningful only in limited situationon. Free fall, gravity at the surface of Earth, etc. Is it an idiom of physics ?

If gravity and inertial force are different things, gravity and acceleration are also different things. Will there be qualification of idiom ?

56中山 2023/06/28 10:38

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Inertial Force is not Fictitious

Gravity acts on a body as a vector. At a local area in free falling elevator, vector of gravity and vector of inertial force (vector of action, not of existence) will cancel each other. In that case, inertial force will not be fictitious.

57中山 2023/07/01 16:22

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Gravitational Acceleration

Well, "gravitational acceleration" is "magnitude of gravity on the surface of Earth ?" said an Alien

58中山 2023/07/03 11:24

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Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

The same four spheres, connected to the ends of two rods are rotating on a plane (no friction). Asuume the bar as a cross and the whole as a disk. At any point on the rod, magnitudes of the centrifugal force and centripetal force are equal, as shown by Newton's third law of motion. That is, centrifugal force (and centripetal also) is not fictitious to an observer in any frame.

59中山 2023/07/03 11:44

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Additional to 58

Original text of the third low is said, it is not on two bodies, but on every point of action of force.

60中山 2023/07/04 09:54

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Inertial Resistance/Inertial Force

A mass point is placed in aether frame, but when it is forced to move other than uniform linear motion (including zero speed) relative to aether frame, it shows resistance called inertial resistance. Inertial resistance is commonly said to be inertial force. Inertial force will correspond to motion of the mass in aether frame, qualitatively, quantitatively.

61中山 2023/07/04 14:27

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Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

Allow me to alter some of previous post. Previous setting was four spheres and two rods. Now,on two spheres and one rod (in X direction only), mass is two times (without deflection). Then,at close to the center, magnitude of centrifugal force and centripetal force will be about two times. Also, magnitude of centrifugal force and centripetal force will correspond to rotational speed.

62中山 2023/07/05 10:18

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Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

About centrifugal force, allow me to post onece more. A disk and the same ten spheres (evenly spaced around the disk) are rotating on a plane (no friction). Spheres and outer edge of the disk are connected with strings of the same length. Each string will show the same tension. Tension will be a sign that centrifugal force is not fictitious.
Note) Centrifugal force and centripetal force will work on the string (on every point) as Newton's third law of motion.

63中山 2023/07/07 08:29

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Speed of Gravity Propagation

Speed of gravity propagation is said to be the same to speed of light. But is it true ? Something can't be found in thought experiments ? How about Sun and Mercury ? Solar system is said to move in the direction called sun facing point (on the celestial sphere). So position from which gravitational force of Sun acting Mercury will be the position some back in time. If so, this effect will slightly acuumlate (like free falling).

In Encyclopaedia Britannica 1969, there is a passage as follows (in item "Gravitation" ; original text). "If the action of gravitation were not absolutely instantaneous"(omission)"All experiments and observations were, however, consistent with the law, from the short distances employed in laboratory experiments to the long ranges used in interplanetary calculations". It says, action will be instantaneous.

64中山 2023/07/12 11:29

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Speed of Light

This is supplement to the former post 1 (Speed of Light). Half of measurement results of speed of light waves will exceed c.

65中山 2023/07/18 09:55

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Newton's Three Laws of Motion

Uniform linear motion (ether can be emerged in an optical way), uniform circular motion, inertial force, action and reaction are all existence graspable qualitatively and quantitatively. These are not fictitious.

66中山 2023/07/27 09:12

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Spherical Shell Theorem (correction)

In my previous post (15), Mercury is divided into two spheres. But this thought experiment doesn't seem to hold. Surprising ! It does not disprove Newton's spherical shell theorem. So, my hope is shifted in another thought experiment on centrifugal force.

67中山 2023/07/28 08:01

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Newton’s Spherical Shell Theorem (supplement) 　

◎　But this thought experiment (see 15) doesn’t seem to explain perihelion shift of Mercury. Because, m/49^2 + m/51^2 = 2m/50^2. Surprising !
◎　Another thought experiment is on centrifugal force (see also 15).

68中山 2023/08/05 11:20

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (rewrittn)

In a figure, Mercury is drown as a circle. Plus, the figure shows the center of the circle and an arc extending upward and downward through the center (that is a part of orbit). Tne arc divides Mercury into left and right, and the area is left > right. This figure will show that actual magnitude of centrifugal force exceeds that calculated for Mercury as a point (see formula of centrifugal force). Perihelion shift of Mercury may be due to Mercury's size.

69中山 2023/08/22 11:30

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Decelerated Motion

Constant tension is acting on a rope extending from a passenger car to the left, and passenger car is decelerating. Even if the ground speed of passenger car becomes zero due to deceleration, tension of the rope is constant. So passenger car starts accelerating to the left. But, there will be no difference in situation in before and after of passenger car. And, there will be no point significant in the ground speed of passenger car.

70中山 2023/09/07 11:46

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Peliherion Shift of Mercury

Moon is said to be moving away from Earth by several centimeters per year. I proposed formally (in 68), size of orbiting celestial body increases its centrifugal force (compared to calculated as a point). And so, it moves forward the long axis of elliptical orbit, and also it increases the length of long axis a little ? Is Mercury moving away from Sun too ?

71中山 2023/09/08 15:02

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Decelerated Motion

As written in 69, everything is accelerated motion and decelerated motion does not exist. But “counter-jerk motion” where degree of accelerated motion withdrawing may be possible.

72中山 2023/09/16 10:53

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury

Size of Mercury will increase gravity and increase centrifugal force quolitatively also. Of the two, gravity is probably the main factor. Because, increase in gravity shift aphelion in the direction of revolution. On the other hand, increase in centrifugal force shift aphelion in the opposite direction of revolution.

The formula for gravity, F = mM/r^2, probably shows that magnitude of gravity is related to the size of Mercury (but surprisingly small).

73中山 2023/09/17 13:44

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury

There is one more problem. Size of Mercury receives surplus force. But where does this surplus force go ?

In figure of perihelion shift of Mercury,its destination seems not to be found. Ah, perhaps the same phenomenon as Moon's retreat (Moon's orbit is expanding) will be destination. This surplus force probably turns and expands Mercury's elliptical orbit each time.

74中山 2023/09/18 10:58

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury

[Size of Mercury increases gravity during orbital motion]
Mm/r^2 is formula for gravity. There are models for Mercury and Sun. When, 2Mm is 100 and r is 50, gravity is 0.04. Next, two half spheres of Mercury are lined up on the line of action of Sun's gravity. Mm is 50, r is 49 and 51. Then, gravity is 0.0400479.
[Size of Mercury increases centrifugal force during orbital motion]
See my post posted on March 15, 2023 (or around).

75中山 2023/09/22 14:27

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Moon’s Retreat

Moon is said to be moving away from Earth by several centimeters per year. As proposed formally (posted on 08-05. by me), size of Moon will increase its centrifugal force (compared to calculated as a point). This additional amount will be divided in rotation of long axis and in extension of long axis of orbit of Moon. Is Mercury moving away from Sun too ?

76名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/09/22 17:44

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月の裏側ってどうなってると思いますか？

77名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/09/23 05:49

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https://forbesjapan.com/articles/detail/64568

78中山 2023/09/23 12:57

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (rewritten, from my post, posted on Sep 16 or around)

There is a figure of Mercury and its orbit. Mercury is drawn as a single point. But actually, Mercury has a size, and this size will slightly increase magnitude of gravity and centrifugal force of Mercury. Now, limit our consideration to half of orbit from perihelion to aphelion. Increase in gravity will shift aphelion in the direction of revolution. On the other hand, increase in centrifugal force will shift aphelion in the opposite direction of revolution. In increase, gravity will exceed.

79中山 2023/09/25 15:33

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (supplement)

Size of Mercury will cause the difference in its gravity and in its orbit. It will rotate long axis and shift perihelion (in the direction of revolution).

But, will size of Mercury cause difference in its centrifugal force ? This difference probably correspond to the difference in motion that is caused by difference in gravity.

80名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/09/25 16:15

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英語バージョン！

81中山 2023/09/28 12:55

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (supplement)

About this ploblem, some posts remain unsure are posted. Below is one of them.

Size of Mercury seems to increase its gravity slightly and increase its centrifugal force slightly also. And, in magnitude, gravity seems to exceed. If this is true, what does it have to do with Newton's third law of motion? I throw up my hands.

82中山 2023/09/29 11:26

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (estimate)

Size of Mercury will increase Mercury's gravity. The main result will be slight expansion of orbit, and followed by shift in perihelion. Therefore, centrifugal force also increases. Newton's third law of motion will be inviolable.

83中山 2023/10/08 10:51

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (rewritten)

Allow me to rewrite my previous post (Sep 29 and around).

Shift of perihelion is constant. Then, a doubt arises. What is momentum of Mercury ? Is it increasing ? Is it decreasing ? Is there no increase or decrease ? I'd like to hear even hypothesis.

84中山 2023/10/17 14:29

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (estimate)

Two Mercurys are revolving. One is in the orbit of Mercury and the other is in the orbit of Venus. In the former, magnitude of shift of perihelion seems to be larger. This is probably because effect of Mercury's size is greater in the former.

85中山 2023/10/19 07:54

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (continued)

Imagine Mercury is revolving in the orbit of Neptune. Size of Mercury seen from Sun is close to a single point. So, magnitude of perihelion shift as two-body problem will be slight. And are perturbations outstanding ?

86中山 2023/10/23 10:54

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (supplement)

Imagine that two Mercurys are revolving in the orbit of Venus and Neptune. At two perihelions, Mercury moves in the same vector (direction and speed) as Venus and Neptune. Magnitude of Mercury's shift of perihelion will be smaller than that of the two. Because size of Mercury is smaller than that of the two.

87名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/10/23 11:23

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今の天体の観測による系統誤差ってでどのくらいなんだろう？
この理論で理論と誤差がどのくらい埋まりそうなのか？

88中山 2023/10/25 10:36

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (and free fall)

Towards Earth, two bodies with the same mass are in free fall. One is assumed to be a single point (with no size), and the other is a long pole (falling vertically). Also assumed that gravity of Earth is constant at g. As posted formerly, magnitude of gravity of Earth acting on two bodies will be former < latter slightly. As example, in my former post, it was 0.04 < 0.04000479. So latter continues to fall in advance. In a broad sense, orbital motion is considered to be free fall. It seems that the shift of perihelion of Mercury is caused by its size.

89中山 2023/10/31 10:44

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (question)

Value of perihelion shift of Mercury is 5.75 seconds/year (observed). Of this value, 5.32 seconds/year is said to be caused by gravity (perturbation) of other planets. And remaining 0.43 seconds/year is attributed to general relativity. Here, a question arises. Why is perihelion shift (of each orbiting) the same regardless of the direction and distances of other planets that exert gravity on Mercury ?

In a site in English "Perihelion Precession of the Planets", there are tables on observed values and on theoretical values for perihelion shift on planets (of solar system). The same question arises.

90中山 2023/10/31 13:36

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (question)

If one centroid is an approximation, two centroids are also approximation. But an inequality 0.04 < 0.0400479 will be a problem presentation for Newton's spherical shell theorem.

91中山 2023/11/05 13:01

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Shift of Perihelion and Vernal Equinox of Earth (an idea)

A drawing shows Sun, Earth, and orbit of Earth. It also shows shift of perihelion of Earth (in the direction of revolution, annually) and shift of vernal equinox (in the opposite direction of revolution, annually). Shift of vernal equinox is said to be caused by precession of rotation axis (of Earth). Precession of rotation axis ? Really ? Shift of vernal equinox seems to be caused by extra centrifugal force due to size of Earth. There is no other reason than that it seems to fit well.
Note: Perihelion is said to take about 110,000 years, and vernal equinox takes about 26,000 years to complete one revolution.

92中山 2023/11/06 07:49

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To yesterday's post, following my posts are related.
Aug 5, Sep 19, and Sep 23, (2023). By

93中山 2023/11/07 08:56

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A web-site with figures related to problem below appears using following keywords. Sorry, in Japanese.
近日点の移動　　国立天文台暦計算室

94中山 2023/11/10 09:35

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Title of the page of the National astronomical observatory (of Japan) ephemeris computation office is shown below. Sorry for repeated addition.
暦Wiki/近日点の移動−国立天文台暦計算室

95中山 2023/11/20 12:44

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Shift of Perihelion and Vernal Equinox of Earth (question)

A question arises. Aren't shift of perihelion and vernal equinox (of Earth) in the same direction and magnitude ? To me, it is probable but not certain. I'll leave it to the physicists.

96中山 2023/12/10 16:15

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (summary)

In a web-site in English titled "Perihelion Precession of the Planets", there is a table on observed rates from Mercury (5.75 seconds/year) to Neptune (0.36 seconds/year). In these, direction of precession is the direction of planet's revolution, and these magnitude are assumed to be constant. Let's assume this table is true. So, this phenomenon will be caused by two bodies: planet each and Sun.

Adams and Le Verrier predicted the existence of Neptune and its position on the celestial sphere (from the precession of Uranus's position). But it was temporary and exceptional precession (perturbation).

97名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/12/11 00:54

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素人質問で申し訳ないんですけど、太陽風の影響や太陽の膨張による影響なども現時点では摂動として処理されてるんですか？

98中山 2023/12/12 15:36

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury (in this A THORY ?)

Perihelion shift of Mercury is 575 seconds in 100 years. In wikipedia, there is a site titled "Perigee Shift" (in Japanese). In it, it's stated that 532 of the 575 seconds are caused by perturbations due to gravity of other planets, and remaining 43 seconds are caused by the effects of general relativity. Simply adding up gravity of other planets ? Is this A THEORY ?

99中山 2023/12/14 15:46

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Bending of Light

Moon occults (covers up) star A on the celestial sphere. In this occultation, there is a moment when star A, center of Moon, and an observer make a straight line. An artificial disk the same apparent diameter (as Moon) follows Moon at the same apparent speed (as Moon). And it occults star A in the same way (as Moon). If occultation time is the same, there will be no bending of light due to gravity.

100中山 2024/01/04 16:16

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Motion of a Mass Point & Aether

Every mass point is either in motion or not. Motion is said to be relative, but this is only appearance. For mass points in motion, there are motions in which vector of motion (magnitude and direction) vary and motions in which there is no varying. In motion varying, inertial force that varies (qualitatively or quantitatively) is recognized. In motion without varying, inertial force is not recognized.

The above will be depending on existence of a uniform isotropic aether in space.

101中山 2024/01/22 20:09

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Kinetic Energy: Momentum: Force: Impulse (inference)

A homogeneous disk with mass M, diameter 2a, and uniform thickness is stationary (not rotating) with respect to the celestial sphere. Angular momentum of this disk is zero. It is zero for any observer in any motion.

There is a type of momentum called linear momentum, which is limited to motion in a straight line. A body of
mass M is moving in a straight line. By analogy with rotational motion, there may be situations where linear momentum is zero even on a straight line (stationary on a straight line). All movements of a mass point can be understood as movements relative to aether (absolute rest).

102中山 2024/01/24 09:40

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Kinetic energy: momentum: force: impulse (supplement)

Momentum is physical quantity that we can vary in laboratory. And the rotational momentum can be zero (no matter who sees it). The same will go for linear momentum. The two momentums will be adjoining. But we don't understand that, and we don't try.

103中山 2024/01/26 18:28

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Kinetic Energy: Momentum: Force: Impulse (supplement)　　

Rotational momentum seems to be no matter. In the rotational motion of a body (imagine a disk), there is a state of speed zero. And on both sides of the disk, there are plus and minus rotational motions. We see plus and minus rotational motions qualitatively and quantitatively.

But what about linear momentum ? Even in the linear motion of a body, there will be a state of speed zero. And on both sides of the body, there will be plus and minus linear motions. We cannot see it qualitatively and quantitatively. But probably, is it tha same to rotational motions ?

104中山 2024/02/01 15:45

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Speed of sound is variable, and also, speed of light will be variable.

Equation v = λ f holds between sound source and the observer. v is speed of sound to the observer, λ is wavelength, and f is frequency to the observer. The observer is in motion, which causes the frequency in varying. In above equation, what is varying is v (λ is not varying).

Equation v = λ f will also hold between light source and the observer. It will be v that is varying.

105中山 2024/02/06 10:48

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Doppler Effect and Variable Speed of Light

For Doppler effect of sound waves, following will hold. Speed of sound waves in air, which is medium for sound waves propagation, is constant. In other words, speed of sound waves is constant only with respect to air.

Doppler effect of light waves will be the same as that of sound waves. Medium of light waves is aether, which is uniformly isotropic. In other words, speed of light waves is constant only with respect to aether.

106中山 2024/02/09 10:20

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Culculating Equation of Doppler Effect

Speed of sound waves is constant only with respect to air, which is medium of propagation. Speed of light waves will probably be constant only with respect to aether, which is medium of propagation.

Therefore, calculating equation for frequency of light waves observed by an observer must be the same as culculating equation for frequency of sound waves observed by an observer.

107中山 2024/02/11 09:01

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Sound Waves, Light Waves and an Observers (summary)

Sound waves propagate through air, and light waves propagate through aether. Medium is uniformly iosotropic, and speed of waves with respect to medium is constant. So, when a point-like wave source is stationary in medium, waves drawn on a plane are concentric circles. Therefore, if observer is moving with respect to medium, speed of sound waves and light waves for observer is not constant.
Note: Light waves using air as a medium propagate in the same way as sound waves.

108中山 2024/02/12 15:17

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Propagation of Light (again)

Light propagates in two ways.
1) A reflector placed on moon's surface is irradiated with laser light, and by reflected light, distance to Moon is measured. Error is a few centimeters. Laser light emitted from light source will follow emission theory for at least one second. This guess can be scored 90 points out of 100 points.
2) Various types of aberration. Light will follow aether reference frame after passing through the region 1. This guess can be scored 120 points out of 100 points.
Note) In air,light propagates following to air reference frame. So, MM experiments done in air is nonsense.

109中山 2024/02/19 13:57

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Is speed of light constant ? (again)

As posted preciously (one of which is on 2023-2-18), constancy of speed of light is impossible. Therefore, time dilation and Lorentz contraction are also impossible. Without a doubt.

110中山 2024/02/20 15:30

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Aberration (again)

Space is filled with aetheric reference frame (uniform isotropic : absolute rest frame). This will be only one hypothesis that can explain various types of aberration.

Aberration is a phenomenon completed in upper atmosphere. It is the same as refraction. Result of Airy's experiment (tube of telescope is filled with water) is only natural.

Due to aberration, it is said that visible position (direction) of celestial bodies shift beyond the direction of motion of Earth. No, shift will be behind the direction of motion of Earth. This will be clear by illustration of light rays in atmosphere.

Draw trajectory of position of a celestial body (on celestial sphere. returns to source every year). Ellipse of annual aberration will be warped by secular aberration. Daily aberration will be many small circles (365 pearls).

111中山 2024/02/21 11:29

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Aberration (again)

Space is filled with aether. For light, aether acts as a medium (as a reference frame). In other words, light propagates at the same speed through aether. Regardless of the direction of propagation. Earth is moving at different speeds with respect relative to aether. Therefore, speed of light with respect to Earth is different.

112中山 2024/02/26 13:43

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Emission Theory (guess)

For a few seconds after emission, propagation of light will follow emission theory, and then follows the aether reference frame (as written before). In other words, from the aether reference frame, speed of light will vary, and energy of a photon will also vary. It is said that energy of light is proportional to its frequency.
Note) The above will be possible to explain accuracy of measuring the distance to Moon (by laser) and aberration without contradiction.

113中山 2024/02/28 12:34

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Propagation of Light in Two Ways (guess)

In space, spaceship is floating (not accelerating). From this spacecraft, multiple probes begin a uniform linear motion towards assigned star on celestial sphere. A light source set on the probes that shines at a certain frequency is visible from the spacecraft.

Is the assumption that propagation of light in two ways (written before) correct ? If correct, frequency of probe's light (reaches the spacecraft) that emitted from before and after a few light-seconds distance will be different (although in rare cases it may not be different). The two, emission theory and aether will revive as phoenixes.

114中山 2024/03/02 08:51

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Propagation of Light in Two Ways (again

Annual aberration and daily aberration mean motion of Earth (with respect to aether). On the other hand, if the distance to the light source is moderate (no, even the distance to the Moon also !), propagation of light will follow emission theory. Relativity will fade away, and both aether and emission theory will revive. Someday as phoenixes.

115中山 2024/03/06 09:34

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Measuring Aether (again)

In outer space, frequency and wavelength of incoming lights from two stars (from opposite directions on the celestial sphere) are measured. To the measurer, speed of two incoming lights will be different. And it will mean the motion (in the direction of light path) of the measurer with respect to aether.
Note) If the measurer moves in the direction of light path, frequency and speed of two incoming lights will vary. Because, wavelength of two incoming light does not vary.

116名前を書き忘れた受験生 2024/03/06 14:27

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時間あるしじっくり読んでみます

117中山 2024/03/24 17:06

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Centrifugal Force (again)

Formula for centrifugal force is F = m v^2/r. And as Newton's third law of motion shows, centrifugal force is an action, centripetal force is a reaction, and the magnitude of the two forces is the same. Both are true forces, not fictitious forces.

In the shape of the cross, rods of length 4r and 2r are rotating horizontally. Assume that there are mass points m at each of four edges of the rod, and that the mass of rods is zero. Tension (centrifugal force) acting on the rods is true force.

118中山 2024/03/25 17:42

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Centrifugal force (again)

Tension is centrifugal force, an effect of Newton’s third law of motion, and centripetal force is a reaction. The two are true forces. Rotational motion can be thought through to accelerated motion and non-accelerated motion (including absolute rest). Frame will be the celestial sphere and the aether.

119中山 2024/03/28 15:17

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Accelerated Motion & Inertial Force (again)

Accelerated motion and inertial force correspond qualitatively (in the direction of celestial sphere and of aether) quantitatively. This will lead to zero inertial force in non-accelerated motion. Also, let us assume that non-accelerating motion includes absolute rest.

120中山 2024/04/01 15:21

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Measuring Aether (again)

In outer space, frequency and wavelength of incoming lights from two stars (from opposite directions on the celestial sphere) are measured. To the measurer, speed of two incoming lights will be different. And sum of speed of two lights will be 2c (or close to 2c). In post 115, it is forgotten to note. Sorry.

121名前を書き忘れた受験生 2024/04/04 12:12

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実に興味深い

122中山 2024/04/12 10:34

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Accelerated Motion & Inertial Force (again)

Accelerated motion is absolute motion relative to aether frame. The two are two sides of the same coin. Gravity is irrelevant at all, and does not play a role in this problem.

123中山 2024/04/12 10:47

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Accelerated Motion (again)

A passenger car is accelerating to the right (uniform acceleration). A light source (wavelength is onstant) at the rear wall of the car emits light, and on the front wall, frequency measuring device is settled. During acceleration, in the car, there will be more waves than before. In other words, accelerated motion is not fictitious (inertial force will not be fictitious also).

A ray of light is emitted from the ceiling of a passenger car directly below. When this car is accelerated, the light ray reaches the floor in a parabola. Difference between acceleration and non-acceleration is not fictitious.

124中山 2024/04/12 11:15

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Local Inertial Frame (again)

An elevator cabin is in free fall. Imagine mass points placed regularly in the elevator. Vector of inertial force acting on each mass point is the same. Local inertial frame is impossible.

Two elevators are moving apart horizontally. One is in accelerated motion and the other is in non-accelerated motion. By an accelerometer, to tell which one is accelerating is possible. In the elevator with accelerated motion, there is no inertial frame, even locally.

125中山 2024/04/12 11:48

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Time is Absolute (again)

◎　In relative motion
A spacecraft is moving horizontally in front of an observer. Plane waves of starlight (constant wavelength) is coming from directly above. Regardless of the speed of the spacecraft, coming waves are the same. Time is absolute, with no delay.
◎　In different gravity fields
There is a mirror high up in high tower. Light (constant wavelength) emitted from the ground is reflected by the mirror and returned to the ground. Frequency measured at these three points are the same (if these are not the same, number of waves on optical pathes will increase or decrease endlessly). Time is absolute, with no delay.

126中山 2024/04/16 16:59

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Accelerated Motion and Non-Accelerated Motion (again)

Difference between the two motions above will be the difference of motion with respect to aether frame. A mass point moving in accelerated motion is accompanied by inertial force, that corresponds qualitatively and quantitatively. A mass point moving in non-accelerated motion (uniform linear motion) is not accompanied by inertial force.

A saying are trying about inertial force and gravity. What can we say by comparing the two words ? Inertial force is inertial force, gravity is gravity and both are true forces ! That seems to be all that can be said. This is a short report.

127中山 2024/04/19 12:30

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Equivalence principle (again)

On the ground, a passenger car is moving with uniform acceleration to the right. In the car, a body hanging from the ceiling with a string is swinging to the left. The angle can be explained qualitatively and quantitatively using equations based on Newton's laws of motion. What about equivalence principle ? Is there anyone who can ?

128中山 2024/04/20 10:19

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Equivalence Principle (again)

Allow me to repeat the previous question,regarding two situations ◎ below. Two situations ◎ can be explainend qualitatively and quantitatively using formulas based on Newton's laws of motion. The question is, what about equivalent principle ? Is there anyone who can ? is.
◎ Forces of the same magnitude are acting on a mass point from the left and right directions. Types of forces are tension, gravity, and inertial force. Since there are no combinations of inertial forces and ine
rtial forces, there are five combinations of forces (ignoring the difference between left and right).
◎ A body is slidingaq down inclined surface and (no friction).

129中山 2024/04/27 13:56

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Accelerated Motion and Non-Accelerated Motion (again) (クリ)

All accelerated motion is accompanied by inertial force (it is reaction. See Newton's third law of motion).

All non-accelerated motion is not accompanied by inertial force. It is the same for absolute rest (relative to aether frame).

Gravity is unrelated to this problem.

130中山 2024/05/04 09:25

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Law of Universal Gravitation (rewritten)

Formula for the law of universal gravitation is F=GMm/r^2. Value r is the distance between centers of gravity of the two bodies (let's call them spheres L and R). If r is 50, the squared is 2500. It is the first diagram.

Now, this is the second diagram. On a horizontal straight line, spheres L, R1, and R2 are lined up. If distance between L and R1 is 49, and distance between L and R2 is 51, the squared are 2401 and 2601. If these two are added and divided by 2, the value 2501 is gotten, which is slightly larger than 2500. In other words, the formula of universal gravitation doesn't care about the size of the two sources of gravity, but in reality, there will be a difference, even if it's a little ? Is Newton's spherical shell theorem not perfect ? Is this the main cause of apsidal precession ?
Note) 2500 and 2501 are coefficients in numerator of the formula.
Note) Masses of R1 and R2 are each 1/2 of the mass of R.
Note) Assume that R1 and R2 are hemispheres of R (distance of centers of gravity is 2).

131中山 2024/05/08 11:14

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Mart*nez, Alberto A. (2004), "Ritz, Einstein, and the Emission Hypothesis", Physics in Perspective, 6 (1):

英語のサイトに上記の雑誌記事が。季刊の雑誌のよう。

132中山 2024/05/12 11:36

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Lunar Laser Ranging (again)

Distance between Moon and Earth is measured with millimeter precision. Measurement is based on the formula "distance = speed of light x round trip time / a2". What is noteworthy here is that the direction of laser beam with respect to celestial sphere does not affect the measurement results.

Assume that the space where Moon and Earth exist is also filled with aether. Measurement results will differ depending on the direction of laser beam with respect to celestial sphere (according to the explanation of MM experiment).

Aeher does not affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves at the distance between Moon and Earth. That is, aether does not affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves for a few seconds after emitted. Ritz' emission theory is revived, although in a limited extent. For now, let's take this as an assumption. There is no need to be worried about the framework of time or space.

133中山 2024/05/18 15:18

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One-way Speed of Light/Isotropy of Aether (again)

English version of Wikipedia has a title "One-way speed of light". Word isotropic is found in 27 places.

However, if the light from multiple celestial bodies on the celestial sphere is recorded and analyzed in outer space, one-way speed of light will become disclosed. Probably easily. By established means of measuring aberration.

The position of bright lines and dark lines in spectrum of the celestial body's light will show the speed of celestial body's light and speed of light relative to Earth (and Aether drift). The isotropy and uniformity of aether will also be disclosed.

134中山 2024/05/19 15:43

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Aether Drift (again)

Speed of light is the distance that light travels in one second, 299,792,458 m/s (defined value). Above value was obtained by measuring frequency and wavelength of laser light performed by Evenson et al in 1973 (error was ± 1.2 m/s).

Suppose that frequency and wavelength of light coming from two fixed stars located at symmetrical points (at opposite ponts) on the celestial sphere. Measuring must be done simultaneously. Perhaps many of the measured speeds of light are different. If so, it will be possible to identify two points (on the celestial sphere) where the difference is greatest.
Note) Differences due to known mtion of Earth such as revolution and rotation must be excluded.
Note) Wavelength must be measured before the light enters mediums such as glass.

135名前を書き忘れた受験生 2024/05/19 16:09

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What means "two points (on the celestial sphere) where the difference is greatest"?

136中山 2024/05/20 12:47

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To yesterday's post

Is it possible to measure the wavelength of light before it enters the measuring device? If possible, the measuring device could be moved to equalize the speeds of light (from the stars coming from the opposite points. the two stars with the greatest difference in speed of light). This means that the measuring instrument is stationary in the aether.

137中山 2024/05/22 11:11

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Hollow Tube and Speed of Light (again)

In outer space, starlight coming from the left is passing through a stationary horizontal tube of length L. Frequency at the left and right ends of the tube is the same. This sameness is true even if the tube is moving in the left and right directions at different uniform speed. In other words, number of waves that exist inside the tube (wave number × L) is invariable. There is no varying in wavelength of light. In the formula, c = f λ, it is f and c that vary. It is the first picture.

In the second picture, there are two tubes the same as above. The two are moving at a uniform speed. One is to the left and the other is to the right. As mentioned above, wavelength of light is the same. In the formula, c = f λ, f and c (of the two) are not the same.

138名前を書き忘れた受験生 2024/05/23 08:43

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Hello　youtube に見えた

139中山 2024/05/24 15:42

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Wavelength Measurement (Aw)

Is wavelength of light traveling in outer space being measured as it is (on light before arriving) ? Isn't what is being measured wavelength of light (extincted light) that has passed through a medium such as glass ? In internet (a bit), any site mentioned can not be found.

Suppose an observer moving in various motions in outer space is measuring wavelength of starlights. In the formula, c = f λ, f varies. Accordingly, c will vary. However, we seem to believe, it is λ that varies.

We must distinguish the light before and after measurement device (before and after extinction).

140中山 2024/05/27 10:45

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Wavelength Measurment (continued)

A starlight is passing through horizontal tube in outer space from left to right. A flat glass plate is fitted in center of the tube. Assume that this tube is moving at different uniform speed in left and right directions. For left and right light each, the formula v = f λ holds. Frome the perspective of the tube, f on the left and right sides are the same. But v is different and λ will also be different.

There is an argument that v are the same. If so, λ must also be the same. However, λ on the left does not follow (does not be affected by) the motion of the tube. But λ on the right follows (is affected by). This difference must not be forgotten.

141中山 2024/06/01 07:48

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Extinction

Light entering glass in outer space has a speed of c/n relative to the glass. This varying in speed within the medium is called extinction, and is completed in a very small optical path length that differs depending on mediums. For glass, it is 0.0001 mm.

Imagine that the glass moves in various uniform linear motions in outer space. The speed of light entering the glass and leaving the glass are not the same (from the perspective of the glass).

142中山 2024/06/05 09:31

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Speed of Light is not Constant Always (again)

Starlight is coming to a glass cube floating in outer space from the left and is leaving to the right. At the left and right ends of the glass, frequency of starlight is the same. Imagine that the glass is moving at various uniform speeds to the left and right. v of light on the left and right will not be the same, and so will λ (the formula v = fλ is viewed from perspective of the glass).

143中山 2024/06/07 19:11

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Value of Speed of Light (of starlight in outer space)

Light of two stars coming from the left and right is passing through a glass cube. This cube is floating horizontally in outer space. Inside the glass, formula c/n = f λ holds. Four values **are known.

Two lights inside the glass are spectralized and the spectra (distance between chosen atom or molecule A and B) is compared. The two will be slightly different.
Note) For light in outer space, formula v = f λ holds. And value f is the same as f for the glass (from the perspective of the glass).

144中山 2024/06/09 15:20

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Allow me to revise "Note" of my post 143. Sorry.

Note) For light before it reaches the glass, formula v = f λ also holds (from perspective of the glass). And value f is the same as f for the glass.

145中山 2024/06/15 10:10

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Speed **of Starlight

A glass cube is floating horizontally in outer space. Two rays of starlight coming from the left and right are passing through the glass horizontally. Below is the difference between the two rays of light as seen from viewpoint of the glass (difference in formula v = f λ).

Difference inside the glass 　　　　　　　　　　　c/n = c/n 　　f ≠ f 　 λ ≠ λ
Difference just before entering the glass　　　c ≠ c 　　　　 f ≠ f 　 λ = λ
Difference just after leaving the glass　　　 　c = c 　 　　 f ≠ f 　 λ ≠ λ

146中山 2024/07/09 09:30

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Speed **of Starlight (Supplement)

Allow me to add to 145. When the glass cube moves left and right....
Inside the glass, c/n is constant, and the other two are variable
Just before entering the glass, λ is constant, and the other two are variable
Just after leaving the glass, c is constant, and the other two are variable

147名前を書き忘れた受験生 2024/07/09 17:31

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Allow you to add.

148中山 2024/07/19 13:36

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Inertial Force is not Fictitious (rewritten)

By a string, a body of mass m is hanging from the ceiling in the center of the passenger car. Body and the string are perpendicular. Next, the passenger car begins to accelerate to the right. Body and the string tilt to the left. This acceleration is usually constant. However, if an external force F continues to grow as time passes, the inclination of body and the string also continues to grow. This varying is the same for one inside and outside the passenger car. And, the tension of the string, which is a reaction to the inertial force will be the same to the two also (and if the string breaks, it will be the same to the two also).

149中山 2024/08/03 09:30

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Inertial Force is not Fictitious (rewritten)

An body m is suspended by a string from the center of the ceiling of a passenger car. If the passenger car is accelerated to the right, string and body will tilt downward to the left. But, what if the passenger car is jerk-moving? The inclination of string and body will continue to increase, the tension in the string will increase, and eventually the string will break.

These situations and explanations of the situation must be the same for one inside and outside the passenger car. Inertial force is not a fictitious force for one inside and outside the car. Inertial force in this case is the action, and the reaction is the tension in the string.

150中山 2024/08/06 09:54

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Statics or Dynamics?

A point (point of action) is pulled left and right by strings with a vector F, creating balance. Can the force on the right be considered an inertial force ? At right end of the right string, a body with mass m is placed. In other words, tension ma is acting on the right string. In this pictere, the whole is moving to the left with a uniform acceleration.

Note: A website says, "Do not bring force into the cause of the motion (into its change also)."

151中山 2024/08/11 09:00

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Compound Nouns

Gravitational acceleration, Local inertial frame, Inertial mass, Gravitational mass. Although, there are a few nouns, because of my shallow ness. However, probably or clearly, these will be forcible.

152中山 2024/08/15 10:42

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Inertial Force is not Fictitious (rewritten)

Inside the cabin of a spaceship moving with uniform acceleration to the right, a string stretches. Right end of the string is tied to the right inner wall of the cabin, and left end is tied to a body m, floating inside the cabin. There is tension ma in the string (ignore mass of the string).

This physica fact and its explanation must be the same for one inside and outside the spaceship.

153中山 2024/08/17 13:32

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Asking (for my post 152)

Please add a word "horizontally" after the word "stretches" in the second line of my post.

154中山 2024/08/18 15:17

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Inertial Force is not Fictitious

In actual examples of action and reaction in Newton’s third law of motion, sometimes, it is unclear which is action and which is reaction. But it must be clear that inertial force can be either of the two. Then inertial force must be real force. For everyone.

In the well-known formula F = ma, which is inertial force ? It can be ma. Then inertial force must be real force. For everyone.

155中山 2024/08/20 12:19

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Inertial Force is not Fictitious (rewritten)

Inertial force of a body moving in uniformly accelerated linear motion is based on m and a. There can be no denying. In addition, ma = F. In short, inertial force is not fictitious.

156中山 2024/08/24 10:06

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Accelerating Frame and Non-Accelerating frame (fragmentary)

◎ An observer in a passenger car accelerating at a uniform speed will see everything in the car as at rest. What if g is large ?
◎ A website says that equiliblium of forces are only for framess that are at rest or in uniform linear motion.
◎ The difference between accelerating frame and non-accelerating frame is crucial. But we continue to turn away from to it. This is physics.
◎ A string stretches horizontally inside the cabin of a spaceship moving to the right with a uniform acceleration. The right end of the string is fixed to the right inner wall of the cabin, and the left end is fixed to body m, which is floating inside the cabin. The string has a tension ma (ignore the mass of string). Both m and a are specific values.

m and a will be the same for one inside and outside the ship.

157中山 2024/08/29 09:05

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Inertial force is not Fictitious (rewritten)

A spaceship is moving horizontally with uniform acceleration. Inside the spaceship, a body m is pushing against the rear wall. This force is action, and is inertial force. As reaction, and as normal force, the rear wall pushes back against the body. Magnitude of the two is ma.

Above explanation should be valid for one inside and outside the spaceship. Inertial force will be a real force for everyone, and will not be fictitious.

158中山 2024/09/02 12:16

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Acceleration and Non-Acceleration

A body is being pulled by strings from the left and right. Tension in the strings is the same, ma. The same body is being pulled by one string from the left and by two strings from the right. Tension in all three strings is the same, ma. Let the body in two figures be A and B.

Are A seen from B and B seen from A symmetrical ? No, that's not, because the internal stresses in body A and B are different.

159中山 2024/10/03 13:46

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Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious (again)

On a plane, two rods cross each other (without friction) and rotate around intersection point. This basic form can be transformed as follows.
1) Body of mass m is attached to both ends of one rod. Body of mass 2m is attached to both ends of the other rod. Mass of rods is assumed to be zero.
2) Body of mass m is attached to each of four ends of two rods. Length of one rod is a, and length of the other is 2a. Mass of rods is assumed to be zero.
.
Centrifugal force and tension acting on rods are real forces, not fictitious. From any frame.

160名前を書き忘れた受験生 2024/10/03 14:35

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文法は簡単だけど自分の語彙力の無さに幻滅

161中山 2024/10/03 16:09

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Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

Centrifugal force that is accompanied by rotational motion is inertial force, that is, real force or action. Reaction to it is a centripetal force (In case of hammer throwing wire, it can also be considered tension or tensile stress). Its form and magnitude do not vary no matter what frame it is viewed from.

The same is true for all curvilinear motion.

162中山 2024/10/09 11:21

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About Gravity

Following claims : Newton's spherical shell theorem, Perihelion shift of Mercury (claimed before relativity, before 1905) are unacceptable. My veiw are posted into some web-sites in English.

Also in relativity, I find no acceptable claim regarding gravity (equivalence principle is unacceptable). And I posted objections (that I can) to relativity's claims regarding gravity.

163中山 2024/10/11 08:03

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About Gravity

"Resultant force of attraction and centrifugal force of Earth is the true nature of gravity." This is cited from a website. However, I think that attraction in this citation is the true nature of gravity. This citation is evasive and delegate.

Equivalence principle is unacceptable. One reason is that, I can't recall ever seeing universal gravitational constant mentioned on inertial force.

164中山 2024/10/15 08:13

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Equivalence Principle

On state of being of vectors of gravity (attraction) and inertial force, there will be no restrictions. Therefore, vector of two forces will be possible to be compensate and nothing special happens. Like an elevator in free fall.

Force acting on us on surface of Earth is resultant force of gravity (attraction) and centrifugal force. On surface (solid or liquid) of planets of solar system, gravity (attraction), speed of planet's rotation, and centrifugal force all is various. Equivalence principle is unacceptable.

165中山 2024/10/20 17:30

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Equivalence Principle (again)

Magnitude of gravity acting on a body (mass m) is GmM/r^2, and magnitude of inertial force is ma. For vectors of two forces, to cancel each other out is not prohibited (as phenomenon). In free-falling elevator, two forces cancel each other out (as phenomenon) in one local area totally and in other local areas partially.

As above formulas show, two forces are different. Real elevator do not support equivalence principle.

166中山 2024/10/29 12:23

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Free Falling

An elevator cabin is in free falling. Elevator is rigid body consisting of the same mass points with mass m. Each mass point has the same acceleration. The same force acting on each mass point is ma.

There is no word equivalence principle in above explanation or any of the following. In fact, there should be no word equivalence principle.

167中山 2024/10/31 11:55

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Equivalence Principle

A body of mass m is placed on flat surface (without friction). String pulls this body to the right with tension ma. The body accelerates to the right, and inertial force ma acts to the left. Magnitude of tension and inertial force are equal. This is as shown by Newton's third law of motion.

The fact that gravity and inertial force are equal (in total) in a free-falling elevator is probably due to Newton's third law of motion.

168中山 2024/11/01 11:12

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Free falling

The two, gravity and inertial force can be expressed as force vectors. So, it is possible that the two cancel each other out in a free-falling elevator (as a phenomenon).

However, free falling is only one phase in which two vectors interact. There is no reason why free falling should be treated as something special.

169中山 2024/11/07 12:48

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Second Cosmic Velocity (question)

Kepler's third law states that orbital speed of a planet depends on radius of its orbit (if orbit is perfect circle). However, formula for second cosmic velocity is depends on radius of Earth. Are these two compatible ?

170中山 2024/11/13 10:18

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Free Falling

On a celestial body below, two elevator cabins the same are falling freely. They are lined up one above the other and connected by a long string. Is some point on the string local inertial frame ?

171中山 2024/11/15 14:09

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Free Falling

Pearl necklace is falling freely in a vertical line. Gravity acting on each pearl is mM/r^2, and inertial force is ma. Mass of the string holding pearls is zero.

This post does not refer to equivalence principle.

172中山 2024/11/18 11:45

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Free Falling (Again)

Formula for gravity, G mM/r^2, and formula for inertial force, ma, are acting on pearl necklace. Gravity acts on each pearl with the magnitude indicated by the formula.

It is inevitable that gravity and inertial force cancel each other out totally (apparent) at a specific mass point.

173中山 2024/11/22 09:33

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About Gravity

For free falling, pearl necklace would be a better thought experiment than elevator. There will be other examples too. A real example is Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which fell on Jupiter in 1994.

The conventional theory of Mercury's perihelion is poor. Also, Newton's shell theorem should be reconsidered.

174中山 2024/11/28 15:56

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Equivalence Principle

We can say that we can quantitatively grasp both gravity and inertial force. However, we cannot qualitatively grasp them. Do we have the right to preach equivalence principle ?

In fact, perhaps equivalence principle can be directly denied.