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0nakayama 2023/02/18 09:14 　3981view

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Michelson-Morley Experiment

It (done in air) is nonsense. In air, light is propagated at c/n. So, the result of M-M experiment (done in air) is only natural.

In a book "Theory of Relativity" by Pauli, W 1958, it's written as follows (quoted from English version ; in 1-6). "Rather should one say that for an observer moving with medium, light is propagated as usual with velocity c/n in all directions".

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36中山 2023/04/29 13:03

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Aether

In outer space, three pinhole cameras are pointed in X, Y and Z directions (these are in uniform linear motion, the same as Sun). Cameras are pretty large. In the camera, on the inner wall, on the opposite side of the pinhole, disks rotate once and receiving position of star lights are recorded.

Recorded position of star lights on three disks will not be true circle. These may indicate motion of the pinhole cameras relative to aether.

75中山 2023/09/22 14:27

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Moon’s Retreat

Moon is said to be moving away from Earth by several centimeters per year. As proposed formally (posted on 08-05. by me), size of Moon will increase its centrifugal force (compared to calculated as a point). This additional amount will be divided in rotation of long axis and in extension of long axis of orbit of Moon. Is Mercury moving away from Sun too ?

35中山 2023/04/25 13:08

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To33, Aberration on Mars

Annual aberration of Mars is mainly caused by Mars' orbital period : 1.881 years and average orbital speed : 24.07 km/sec. That is, by the motion of an observer repative to aether.

37中山 2023/05/01 18:21

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Three Pinhole Cameras

Otherday's my post(7) was misunderstanding. Sorry. Following is compensation.

In outer space, three pinhole cameras are moving at different constant speed in X direction. Size of celestial sphere reflected on the receiving surface in the cameras will be slightly different. This will be due to the different speed of the cameras relative to aether.

50中山 2023/06/08 15:00

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Local Inertial Frame (rewritten)

An elevator cabin is in free falling. Let's assume that every local frame of this cabin is the same (mass m). There can be no local inertial frame.

51中山 2023/06/14 08:56

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Local Inertial Frame (additional)

A homogeneous cuboid made of atomic silver (atomic weight 107.9) is in free calling. Magnitude of inertial force acting on every silver atom is the same. There can be no local inertial frame.

74中山 2023/09/18 10:58

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Perihelion Shift of Mercury

[Size of Mercury increases gravity during orbital motion]
Mm/r^2 is formula for gravity. There are models for Mercury and Sun. When, 2Mm is 100 and r is 50, gravity is 0.04. Next, two half spheres of Mercury are lined up on the line of action of Sun's gravity. Mm is 50, r is 49 and 51. Then, gravity is 0.0400479.
[Size of Mercury increases centrifugal force during orbital motion]
See my post posted on March 15, 2023 (or around).

104中山 2024/02/01 15:45

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Speed of sound is variable, and also, speed of light will be variable.

Equation v = λ f holds between sound source and the observer. v is speed of sound to the observer, λ is wavelength, and f is frequency to the observer. The observer is in motion, which causes the frequency in varying. In above equation, what is varying is v (λ is not varying).

Equation v = λ f will also hold between light source and the observer. It will be v that is varying.

1nakayama 2023/02/18 09:20

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Speed of Light

The defined value of speed of light is based on measurements (with wavelength and frequency) done by Evenson et al. in 1973. Error is 1.1 m / s in pramai. Now measuring instrument is separated into a measuring part and a light source part. When one of them is moved at a constant speed higher than above error (in the direction of light path), different value will be obtained.

15中山 2023/03/28 14:02

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Selected post on Anti-Relativity (6)

◎　Spherical Shell Theorem

There are two figures A and B that draw Sun and Mercury. A shows Mercury on the line of action of gravity of Sun extending from the left. Distance between two stars is 50. In B, Mercury is divided into two hemispheres, left and right. The distance between center of sphere (of A) and the center of gravity of two hemispheres each is 1. In B, denominators of formula for magnitude of gravity are 49 and 51. And squared are 2401 and 2601.

Magnitude of gravity is 2500 in A and 2501 in B. Size of sphere seems to be related to magnitude of gravity. Spherical shell theorem will not be valid. Main reason for perihelion shift of Mercury will be its size.

Note) In this post, only gravity of Sun is under consideration.


◎　Perihelion Shift of Mercury

There is a figure of Mercury. Mercury is drawn as a circle. Plus, the center of it and an arc are drawn. This arc passes through the center and is extending symmetrically upward and downward. This arc is part of circle centered at the center of Sun that is located on the right of this figure. Therefore, the area of Mercury divided by the arc is left > right. Thus, actual magnitude of centrifugal force of Mercury due to its orbital motion will exceed the magnitude calculated as a point. Probably, this will be the main reason for perihelion shift of Mercury.

Note : For planets with satellites, perihelion shif seems to be larger. This will be due to centrifugal force.
Note : There must be more unknowns in perihelion shift.

33名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/04/23 18:44

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I'm sorry, but the concept of a stationary aether has been largely discredited by experimental evidence, including the Michelson-Morley experiment. The phenomenon of aberration can be explained without invoking the existence of an aether. It is a consequence of the finite speed of light and the relative motion between the observer and the light source. As the observer moves, the angle at which they observe the light changes due to the finite time it takes for the light to reach their eye.

Refraction of light in the upper atmosphere is a separate phenomenon that can also affect the apparent position of celestial objects, but it is not directly related to aberration. The displacement of stars due to aberration is indeed in the direction of the Earth's motion, not opposite to it.

While it is true that Airy's experiment demonstrated the effect of aberration using a water-filled telescope, this does not imply the existence of a stationary aether. The experiment was designed to measure the angle of starlight as it entered the telescope at different times of the year, providing evidence for the phenomenon of aberration.

In summary, aberration can be explained without invoking the concept of a stationary aether. It is a consequence of the finite speed of light and the relative motion between the observer and the light source.

38中山 2023/05/04 09:04

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Apology and Cancellation

My recent posts 36 and 37 seem to be invalid. Sorry.

47中山 2023/05/30 12:52

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To 46, > This is due to the relative motion between the cars and the source of light (Sunlight in this case).

Sorry, no ! This is due to not relative motion but absolute motion of the cars to aether. If position of light source is the same (on the celestial sphere), behovior of light in the cars must be the same.

Now, measuring tape is set on the floor of the cars. If the spot light in the car are 0.0a and -0.0b (distance from the center), this value will be the same to three observers (including the one standing on the moon's surface).

54中山 2023/06/24 12:24

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Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (additional)

In light of the followings, inertial force and gravity will not be equivalent.
◎ Inertial force: It is emerged in an accelerated motion　(of a mass point) in space.
◎ Gravity: 　It does not emerge in an accelerated motion (of a mass point) in space.

105中山 2024/02/06 10:48

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Doppler Effect and Variable Speed of Light

For Doppler effect of sound waves, following will hold. Speed of sound waves in air, which is medium for sound waves propagation, is constant. In other words, speed of sound waves is constant only with respect to air.

Doppler effect of light waves will be the same as that of sound waves. Medium of light waves is aether, which is uniformly isotropic. In other words, speed of light waves is constant only with respect to aether.

110中山 2024/02/20 15:30

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Aberration (again)

Space is filled with aetheric reference frame (uniform isotropic : absolute rest frame). This will be only one hypothesis that can explain various types of aberration.

Aberration is a phenomenon completed in upper atmosphere. It is the same as refraction. Result of Airy's experiment (tube of telescope is filled with water) is only natural.

Due to aberration, it is said that visible position (direction) of celestial bodies shift beyond the direction of motion of Earth. No, shift will be behind the direction of motion of Earth. This will be clear by illustration of light rays in atmosphere.

Draw trajectory of position of a celestial body (on celestial sphere. returns to source every year). Ellipse of annual aberration will be warped by secular aberration. Daily aberration will be many small circles (365 pearls).

126中山 2024/04/16 16:59 NEW

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Accelerated Motion and Non-Accelerated Motion (again)

Difference between the two motions above will be the difference of motion with respect to aether frame. A mass point moving in accelerated motion is accompanied by inertial force, that corresponds qualitatively and quantitatively. A mass point moving in non-accelerated motion (uniform linear motion) is not accompanied by inertial force.

A saying are trying about inertial force and gravity. What can we say by comparing the two words ? Inertial force is inertial force, gravity is gravity and both are true forces ! That seems to be all that can be said. This is a short report.

2nakayama 2023/02/18 09:22

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Propagation of Light

Light is propagated in two ways (as follows).
1. In outer space, a star light is reflected by a mirror. Speed of incident light is constant relative to aether.
2. In outer space, a star light is reflected by a mirror. Speed of reflected light is constant relative to the mirror (the emission theory).

In two pictures sbove each, speed of light to a moving observer follows Galilean transformation.

3nakayama 2023/02/18 09:29

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Equivalence principle

For gravity and inertial force in free-falling elevator, acceptable explanation will be Newton’s law of action and reaction. Equivalence principle should be forgotten.

4nakayama 2023/02/18 09:33

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Inertial Force is not Fictitious

The same five bodies (mass m) are lined up sideways on a horizontal plane. Five bodies are tied with four strings. Assume that horizontal plane is zero friction, and mass of strings is zero. On right most body, force of 5ma is acting to the right and five bodies start a uniform linear accelerating motion toward the right. Tension acting on four strings are, from right to left, 4ma, 3ma, 2ma, and 1ma.

Tension in the string above will be the same to an observer of any frame of motion. Inertial force (accelerated motion) is not fictitious.

5nakayama 2023/02/18 09:36

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Aberration

Aberration is caused by various motions of Earth relative to stationary aether (uniform isotropic). Light that enters upper air of Earth (from aether) is bent in the direction of motion of Earth. As a phenomenon, aberration is completed in the upper air. The same as refraction.

Therefore, illustration of raindrops and an umbrella is NG. Result of Airy’s experiment with a water-filled telescope is only natural. It is said that apparent displacement of stars is displaced in the direction of Earth’s motion, but in fact, it will be the opposite. You can check this by drawing light bending (in upper air) on a paper.

6nakayama 2023/02/18 09:40

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Lorentz Contraction

Plane waves of starlight (wavelength is constant) is arriving from upper left 45 degrees. Two spacecrafts are sailing in the right and left directions. Number of waves hitting the front and rear ends (A and B) of each spacecraft is the same. Therefore, number of waves existing between A and B is invariant (for both spacecrafts, regardless of lateral motion). Lorentz contractions will be impossible.

Relativity of simultaneity will be impossible also.

7nakayama 2023/02/18 09:51

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Aether

All kinds of aberration are caused by motion of Earth. Qualitatively, quantitatively. For example, cycle of annual aberration is 365 days. It is reflection of motion of Earth. On the other hand, any motion of star’s side has no influence. Only position on the celestial sphere is valid. These facts will be explainable only by aether.

For an observer stationary with respect to the aether frame, there will be no aberration.

8nakayama 2023/02/18 19:24

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Propagated of light (2)
　　　　　　　　　　　　
In outer space, a starlight is reflected by a mirror. There is a formula c = f λ. Now, the mirror is stationary. In comparing of incident light and reflected light, f is the same. And usually, c & λ are different. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Now, the mirror moves in the direction of the light path of incident light. In the formula on incident light, λ is constant. And c & f will be variables. And in the formula on reflected light, c is constant. And f & λ will be variables.

9名前を書き忘れた受験生 2023/02/18 20:30

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何が目的なの？

10nakayama 2023/02/23 10:11

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relativity (3)

◎ Light Clock

A light clock is working in a moving passenger car. In books or in other illustrations, light travels back and forth vertically, but this light clock slightly leans to the right or left. So, the zigzag (sawtooth) of light path seen by an observer on the ground warps. Two kinds of dilations ? And how about if two light clocks with different lean work ?

◎ Time Dilation

In outer space, a spaceship is sailing horizontally. Plane wave of light (wavelength is constant) of the first-magnitude star Sirius is coming from directly above. Phenomenon of time dilation can not be valid.

◎ Relativity of Simultaneity

On the Moon's surface, a passenger car is moving to the right. From the center of the ceiling of the car, light rays are emitted to directly below and diagonally downward to left and right at 45 degrees. And three points of light are reflected on the floor. Three points are symmetrical to observer on the Moon's surface also. Relativity of simultaneity will be invalid.

◎ Perihelion Shift of Mercury

The perihelion shift moves in one direction and its speed seems to be almost constant. Like the hands of a clock. Main cause of the shift seems not to be gravity of other planets. Main cause will be two-body problem of Mercury and Sun. Not as points, but as spheres.

11nakayama 2023/02/23 11:08

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relativity (3)

◎ Light Clock

A light clock is working in a moving passenger car. In books or in other illustrations, light travels back and forth vertically, but this light clock slightly leans to the right or left. So, the zigzag (sawtooth) of light path seen by an observer on the ground warps. Two kinds of dilations ? And how about if two light clocks with different lean work ?

◎ Time Dilation

In outer space, a spaceship is sailing horizontally. Plane wave of light (wavelength is constant) of the first-magnitude star Sirius is coming from directly above. Phenomenon of time dilation can not be valid.

◎ Relativity of Simultaneity

On the Moon's surface, a passenger car is moving to the right. From the center of the ceiling of the car, light rays are emitted to directly below and diagonally downward to left and right at 45 degrees. And three points of light are reflected on the floor. Three points are symmetrical to observer on the Moon's surface also. Relativity of simultaneity will be invalid.

◎ Perihelion Shift of Mercury

The perihelion shift moves in one direction and its speed seems to be almost constant. Like the hands of a clock. Main cause of the shift seems not to be gravity of other planets. Main cause will be two-body problem of Mercury and Sun. Not as points, but as spheres.

12nakayama 2023/02/25 16:40

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relatiyity (4)

◎ Speed of Light
For speed of light, the constant speed, and the formula c = fλ seem to be all. But is it really that simple?

A beam of light is propagating through aether. An observer is in uniform linear motion at various angles relative to this beam. The speed of the observer relative to aether also varies. Observer's motion can be accelerated motion, jerk motion, or curvilinear motion. Also, speed of light wave and light ray (photon) will generally be different.

No, to light, special treatment must not be given. Then, all must be simple.

◎ Aether
In outer space, frequency and wavelength of two stars light are being measured. Two stars are in opposite directions (antipodal point) on the celestial sphere, and the measurements are done simultaneously. The sum of the two values will be 2c or a constant close to 2c.

The above will show the motion of the observer relative to aether.

◎ Accelerated Motion and Aether
Accelerated motion will be absolute motion against aether. Accelerated motion and inertial force are two sides of the same coin. Gravity is not involved and is irrelevant.

That is, we are surrounded by aether.

◎ Acceleration and Non-Acceleration
The passenger car is accelerating uniformly to the right. In this car, a ray of light (frequency is constant) is emitted from the rear to the front. The number of light waves existing inside the car will be higher than when the car is stationary. That is, there will be apparent difference between non-acceleration and acceleration.

Ray of light is emitted from the ceiling of the passenger car downward. If the passenger car is accelerating, the ray draw a parabola. That is, there will be apparent difference between non-acceleration and acceleration.

◎ Local Inertial Frame
An elevator-like but homogeneous rectangular body is in free falling. Suppose this body consists of many local area of mass m. So, inertial force acting on each local area is mg. That is, local inertial frame will be impossible.

Gravity and inertial force are cancelled out partially or sometimes totally. But, it is action that cancelled out, not existence.

13nakayama 2023/02/25 16:44

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relatiyity (4)

◎ Speed of Light
For speed of light, the constant speed, and the formula c = fλ seem to be all. But is it really that simple?

A beam of light is propagating through aether. An observer is in uniform linear motion at various angles relative to this beam. The speed of the observer relative to aether also varies. Observer's motion can be accelerated motion, jerk motion, or curvilinear motion. Also, speed of light wave and light ray (photon) will generally be different.

No, to light, special treatment must not be given. Then, all must be simple.

◎ Aether
In outer space, frequency and wavelength of two stars light are being measured. Two stars are in opposite directions (antipodal point) on the celestial sphere, and the measurements are done simultaneously. The sum of the two values will be 2c or a constant close to 2c.

The above will show the motion of the observer relative to aether.

◎ Accelerated Motion and Aether
Accelerated motion will be absolute motion against aether. Accelerated motion and inertial force are two sides of the same coin. Gravity is not involved and is irrelevant.

That is, we are surrounded by aether.

◎ Acceleration and Non-Acceleration
The passenger car is accelerating uniformly to the right. In this car, a ray of light (frequency is constant) is emitted from the rear to the front. The number of light waves existing inside the car will be higher than when the car is stationary. That is, there will be apparent difference between non-acceleration and acceleration.

Ray of light is emitted from the ceiling of the passenger car downward. If the passenger car is accelerating, the ray draw a parabola. That is, there will be apparent difference between non-acceleration and acceleration.

◎ Local Inertial Frame
An elevator-like but homogeneous rectangular body is in free falling. Suppose this body consists of many local area of mass m. So, inertial force acting on each local area is mg. That is, local inertial frame will be impossible.

Gravity and inertial force are cancelled out partially or sometimes totally. But, it is action that cancelled out, not existence.

14nakayama 2023/03/06 15:37

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Selected Posts on Anti-Relativity (5)

◎　Doppler Effect of Light

Frequency of incoming light varies with the motion of an observer. In the formula c = fλ, it is clear that the speed of light (for the observer) cannot be constant.